Hierarchical Databases Essay

in that respect atomic be 18 four structural types of infobase management systems hierarchic, net produce, comparative, and object-oriented.Hierarchical Databases (DBMS), comm altogether employ on mainframe reckoners, exact been around for a long time. It is superstar of the oldest methods of organizing and storing data, and it is still employ by some organizations for making travel reservations. associate fields or ledgers argon grouped together so that on that point ar higher-level records and lower-level records, just like the parents in a family tree put above the subordinated children. Based on this analogy, the parent record at the result of the pyramid is called the root record. A child record always has only angiotensin-converting enzyme parent record to which it is linked, just like in a normal family tree.In contrast, a parent record may have more(prenominal) than one child record linked to it. Hierarchical databases work by moving from the top down. A r ecord search is conducted by starting at the top of the pyramid and working down by meaning of the tree from parent to child until the appropriate child record is found. Furthermore, severally child ass in addition be a parent with children underneath it. The advantage of hierarchical databases is that they can be accessed and updated rapidly beca put on the tree-like structure and the relationships surrounded by records are defined in advance. Hierarchical databases are so relentless in their design that adding a bare-ass field or record requires that the entire database be redefined.Types of DBMS Network DatabasesNetwork databases are resembling to hierarchical databases by also having a hierarchical structure. There are a few key differences, however. Instead of looking like an inverted tree, a web database looks more like a cobweb or interconnected entanglement of records. In network databases, children are called membersand parents are called owners. The intimately important difference is that each child or member can have more than one parent (or owner). two limitations must be considered when using this kind of database. Similar to hierarchical databases, network databases must be defined in advance. There is also a limit to the number of connections that can be made between records.Types of DBMS relational DatabasesIn relational databases, the relationship between data files is relational, not hierarchical Relational databases connect data in different files by using commonplace data elements or a key field. Data in relational databases is stored in different tables, each having a key field that unequivocally identifies each row. Relational databases are more flexible than either the hierarchical or network database structures.Types of DBMS Object-oriented Databases (OODBMS)Able to handle many new data types, including graphics, photographs, audio, and video, object-oriented databases represent a significant advance over their another(pr enominal)(prenominal) database cousins. an object-oriented database can be used to store data from a frame of media sources, such as photographs and textbook, and produce work, as output, in a multimedia system format. Object-oriented databases have two disadvantages. First, they are more costly to develop. Second, most organizations are reluctant to abandon or convert from those databases that they have already invested funds in developing and implementing.COMPUTING TYPESCLUSTER COMPUTING crewing means linking together two or more systems to handle variable workloads or to provide continued operation in the event one fails. apiece computer may be a multiprocessor system itself. For example, a caboodle of four computers, each with two CPUs, would provide a total of eight CPUs processing simultaneously. When clustered, these computers behave like a single computer and are used for load balancing, fault tolerance, and parallel processing.Two or more hordes that have been conf igured in a cluster use a heartbeat mechanism to continuously monitor each others health. Each server posts the other an I am OK pass at regular intervals. If several messages or heartbeats are missed, it is assumed that a server has failed and the surviving server begins the failover operation. That is, the surviving server assumes the identity of the failed server in addition to its identity and recovers and restores the network interfaces, storage connections, and applications. Clients are whence reconnected to their applications on the surviving server. The minimum requirements for a server cluster are(a) two servers connected by a network, (b) a method for each server to access the others disk data, and (c) special cluster software like Microsoft Cluster Service (MSCS). The special software provides work such as failure detection, recovery, and the ability to manage the service as a single system. Benefits of Clustering TechnologyAvailability, scalability and to a lesser ex tent, investiture protection and simplified disposal are all touted as benefits from lot technology. Availability translates into decreased downtime, scalability translates into flexible growth, and investment protection and simplified administration translate into lowered cost of ownership. Clustered systems bring fault-tolerance and support for peal upgrades. The most common uses of clustering technique are mission-critical database management, file/intranet data sharing, messaging, and general business applications.PARALLEL COMPUTING The Message Passing port (MPI) commonplace provides a common Application Programming Interface (API) for the learning of parallel applications regardless of the type of multiprocessor system used. In the recent past, the umber programming speech has made significant inroads as the programming language of choice for the development of a variety of applications in diverse domains.IPV4/IPV6What is net income communications protocol?Internet Pr otocol is a set of technical rules that defines how computers authorize over a network. There are acceptedly two adaptations IP version 4 (IPv4) and IP version 6 (IPv6).What is IPv4?IPv4 was the first version of Internet Protocol to be widely used, and accounts for most of todays Internet traffic. There are just over 4 million IPv4 make does. enchantment that is a lot of IP addresses, it is not enough to remnant forever.What is IPv6?IPv6 is a newer numbering system that provides a much larger address pool than IPv4. It was deployed in 1999 and should meet the worlds IP addressing need well into the future.PROTOCOLSFile Transfer Protocol (FTP) is a standard network protocol used to transfer files from one host or to another host over a TCP-based network, such as the Internet.The Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is an application protocol for distributed, collaborative, hypermedia information systems.1 HTTP is the foundation of data confabulation for the World Wide Web. Hyp ertext is a multi-linear set of objects, building a network by using logical links (the so-called hyperlinks) between the nodes (e.g. text or words). HTTP is the protocol to exchange or transfer hypertext. Secure Sockets degree (SSL), are cryptographic protocols that provide communication security over the Internet. SSL scratch the segments of network connections at the Application Layer for theTransport Layer, using asymmetric coding for key exchange, symmetric encryption for confidentiality, and message authentication codes for message integrity.In computing, the Post Office Protocol (POP) is an application-layer Internet standard protocol used by local netmail clients to retrieve e-mail from a hostile server over a TCP/IPconnection.1 POP and IMAP (Internet Message adit Protocol) are the two most prevalent Internet standard protocols for e-mail retrieval.2 Virtually all modern e-mail clients and servers support both. The POP protocol has been developed through several versio ns, with version 3 (POP3) being the current standard. Most webmail service providers such as Hotmail, Gmail and Yahoo Mail also provide IMAP and POP3 service.Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) is an Internet standard for electronic mail (e-mail) transmission across Internet Protocol (IP) networks. While electronic mail servers and other mail transfer agents use SMTP to send and receive mail messages, user-level client mail applications typically only use SMTP for sending messages to a mail server for relaying.The User Datagram Protocol (UDP) is one of the core members of the Internet protocol suite, the set of network protocols used for the Internet. With UDP, computer applications can send messages, in this case referred to as datagrams, to other hosts on an Internet Protocol (IP) network without prior communications to set up special transmission channels or data paths. UDP is suitable for purposes where illusion checking and correction is either not necessary or performed in t he application, avoiding the smash-up of such processing at the network interface level.