Staffing Organizations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 2

Staffing Organizations - Essay Example Finally the strategy should have sufficient flexibility to adjust in case there needs to be made a drastic change pertaining to the feedback the project receives. The recruitment process starts with in the most reachable circle. Spread the word. The most workable way to start off in spreading the word is by accumulating information from the closest ring of people around. (Suchecki, Paul M.J) Circulating the information through friends and family is a great method to find workers initially. They can provide feedback if there are any people who would be interested to work at the small business. The work force that comes through acquaintances would be more helpful and trustable towards a novice owner. Recruiting through family, friends, clubs, activity and sports groups that you are a part of is a practical step to begin with. While recruiting young students would generally be a priority among starting businesses, recruiting a couple of experienced workers should also be considered as an option. It may be harder to with experienced workers as a beginner but their experience will only resonate in the scheme of events once such a staff starts working. It would also serve as a continuous training and inspiration as the staff would have someone professional working in the field to look up to. The recruitment should be done keeping into view the audience for the shop. If the shop is near a high school targeting teenagers, the staff might as well be capable of catering to such an audience. If the shop is by the roadside targeting ordinary passerby the recruitment must be done accordingly. Customer satisfaction should be kept in mind at this point in time as well. Since the stakes of the business depend largely on the comfort of the consumer. After the onset it would also interesting to develop a theme for the shop as it would further streamline the kind of selection I want to make in the upcoming years. If the theme has

Television Is harming children Essay Example for Free

Television Is harming children Essay It is my belief that television has overstepped its boundaries. It is my belief that children are becoming desensitised towards violence. It is my belief that this is to stop. What if I was to tell you that there are, today, half as many art programmes as there were in 1992? What if I was to tell you that current affairs programmes have fallen by more than a third? The truth is that all television executives want to do is make money, they do not want to provide a service, and they do not want to make the world a better place. And the reason that these programmes do not make money is the change of our childrens cultures. They no longer want to watch a programme that is educational; they would rather watch meaningless rubbish that caters for the intellectually challenged. I know this because I am guilty of it. I would much rather watch the ninth series of friends than watch the news, and I would much rather watch the Simpsons than watch an art programme. Let me describe to you a period. In this time period television is useful; shows provide a public service whilst still maintaining good ratings. In this time television has a purpose, which it lacks in this modern time. This time was when television was first produced. Its maker intended it to inform the masses about day-to-day events and problems, but this ideal has spiralled out of control. Your children are becoming desensitised, not only to sex, regularly displayed before the watershed, but to violence as well. Children growing up will become young men, and these young men will copy what theyve seen on television. You all know what impressionable young children are capable of. It has happened recently; a trio of gangsters, barely twenty, gunned down two innocent girls at a New Year party as a result of gang warfare. These people have to get their ideals somewhere, and if they are not in a strong family they will look to other mediums for guidance, like television, like videogames, and they will think the things are idols do are alright. Let me tell you this is not the case! Just recently there has been a story running in Coronation Street of a murderer and a drug dealer, and in the final episode two people were graphically murdered with a crowbar! And this was at seven thirty, well before the watershed. We are in the year of the couch potato. 78 % of people under sixty in the United Kingdom watch more television than read books. And if this television is of the aforementioned quality then this disturbs me. What about the literary skills that will be wasted? TV Quiz shows such as the weakest link and Who wants to be a millionaire, which value, random factual knowledge over, deeper understanding are creating a generation of vacuous teenagers, according to a leading Headmaster. Dr Giles Mercer, head of Prior park College in Bath believes that unless teenagers are fed a more demanding diet by the media they will become cynical about politics and apathetic about voting. So television is actually harming your children. So think of the children brought up to watch soaps rather than read a good book, which provides entertainment whilst also benefiting the child involved. But as long as we are entertained, right? Wrong! Television has pushed its limits; certainly there have been some events worthy of recognition, but in the main the programmes shown are demolishing our morals, they are making us complacent about the world around us. Not many people could argue Jerry Springer has a positive impact on our nations youth. If we were to believe everything television told us then we would all be certain that bombing Iraq is the right thing to do. The remaining factual programmes are often biased and do not show the big picture, e.g. what about the refugees, what about the children, are they part of Saddams regime? There are people who believe, as I do, that television could be beneficial for us; Tess Alps, deputy chairman of the media agency writes, I believe that the recent dumbing down of programmes and relaxation of censorship is wrong. Television could be successful, and informative but Television chiefs just dont want to see it.

Harbor Seals Essay example -- Animals Sea Wildlife Descriptive Essays

Harbor Seals Harbor seals are marine mammals that have spotted coats in a variety of shades from silver gray, black to dark brown. They reach 5 to 6 feet in length and weigh up to 300 pounds. Harbor seals are dimorphic, with the male being slightly larger than the female. They are true, or crawling seals, which means they have no external earflaps. True seals also have small flippers, and move on land by flopping along on their bellies. They breathe at the surface and hold their breath while diving. They can dive to 1,500 feet for up to 40 minutes, although their average dive lasts 3 to 7 minutes. Their scientific name basically means 'sea calf' or 'sea dog.' This nickname is fits them well, as these seals closely resemble a dog when their head is viewed at the surface of the water. When the harbor seal pup (baby seal) is born, it has a coat that closely resembles the adult coat. Some have a longer, softer white or gray coat (lanugo) when born, but they shed that coat within about 10 days. Harbor seals are found across the Northern Hemisphere in both the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. In the northeast Pacific, they range from Alaska to Baja California, in Mexico. They live near-shore coastal waters and frequent sandy beaches, mudflats, bays, and estuaries. Some harbor seals even live in certain areas of Europe such as Finland. The total harbor seal population in the northeast Pacific is estimated to be 330,000, in California the estimated population was 40,000, and in Europe the estimated population was 6,000 in 1997. Harbor seals spend about half their time on land and half in water, and they sometimes sleep in water. They may sleep most of the day on the beach to keep safe from the predators that hunt them, and go into the water only a couple of times each day to hunt for food. Harbor seals don?t have a permanent place to live but they usually are found in small groups, but sometimes occur in numbers of up to 100 to 500. Their average life span is around 25 years, although some have lived for over 30 years. However, males seem to live shorter lives, probably because of the added physical stress of fighting during mating season.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Harbor Seal is both a predator and a prey. They are very vital in the food chain. Seals eat a lot of fish and prevent over population, and they are a great source of food to animals such as orca whales, great... ... high tolerance to carbon dioxide in the tissues, they have the ability to store large amounts of oxygen in the muscle tissues, and they have the ability to make their lungs collapse when air is expelled before they dive, which helps to prevent the bends. To help see in dark and murky waters, the seals have special adapted eyes that make them able to see in such conditions. To guard against very cold water temperatures, harbor seals maintain a thick layer of fat beneath their skin, giving them a thick sausage shape. To make the harbor seals less noticeable to predators, their coats sometimes blend in with the rocks or sand they?re lying in. To help them find food easier, they have a keen sense of smell. Without these adaptations, who knows if the Harbor Seal would still exist today. Works Cited: *Hanan, D. (1999). Pacific Harbor Seals. Alolkoy Publishing Co. PP 12-59. *King, J. (1983). Seals of the World. British Museum (Natural History) and Cornell University Press. PP 20-26. *Internet: Sea World web site. www.seaworld.org/animal_bytes/harborsealab.html April 20, 2001 *Internet: The Marine Mammal Center web site. www.tmmc.org/harborsl.htm April 20, 2001

We’Re Not Jews

We’re not Jews Settings The story takes place in the late 50’s where the foreigners begin to settle in the UK. The World War 2 has ended for not long ago, where the Jews where undermined of the Nazis people. The society has not accepted the foreigners (fernas) yet. Because it’s about the 50’s where the immigrant comes to British, because of the working capacity. And they don’t really know the immigrants and therefore they have a lot of prejudices about them.There is much racism among the British people about the immigrants. And it is still today. Features of the post-modern society We see the reflect of the post-modern society, when the Mother and Azhar are sitting in the bus and being bullied by Big billy and little billy. The people, who are sitting in the bus, are not even reacting on the Billy’s behaviour, they are totally ignoring them and pretending nothing is happening. That’s how people mostly are in the post-modern society the y keeps to themselves.Another feature of the post-modern society is Azhar who has grown up in an interracial marriage which puts him in a situation, where he has problems with finding his identity in the British society. On the other hand, is his mother pushing him to be more British, by reading many books, being the best reader in class. Azhar who as many immigrants and people in the world has difficulties with finding their identity in the society. Azhar Because of the negative experience Azhar has with these English people around him, he is feeling more warmth for his family at home.But on the other hand he does not want to disappoint his mother who is pressing him so much for being more British. We see that on the last page in the ending where Azhar is sitting with his family and laughing even though he don’t understand what they family are saying, but he is still felling that he belongs mostly to the Pakistani family. We do not hear about Azhar, enjoying childlike activi ties, playing games, or Having fun expect at the end, where he laughs with the men in his family. He does not show any sign of humor.

Overview of the Stock Market

Over the past few years, many millionaires have been created due to the economical explosion of the stock market. The market isn†t just growing, as it did in the mid to late seventies; but it is on steroids, and is growing like never before. Backed by the relentless, yet sometimes spasmodic, growth of the NASDAQ Composite, Wall Street†s impact on the future cannot be denied. For as long as the market has been in existence, drastic changes such as these have never taken place. What awesome power could have produced so much money in so little time? What colossal force could have caused the United States† economy to flourish? The answer lies in one, simple, recently coined phrase: the tech stock. The stock market has been around since people traded silver for ownership of cargo 200 years ago, yet many people don†t know how it works, or where their money goes when they purchase a stock; they simply think â€Å"buy low, sell high. † Although this is a good basic investment plan, it is imperative that one knows where his money is headed when he buys a thousand dollars worth of a specific stock. When one purchases a stock, they are actually purchasing part of a company (Brian 1). The reason one would do this is because he wants part of the profits of the company. If one purchases 1% of a company, he will receive 1% of the income, to put it in a simplified manner. The money the company gains from selling their stock is placed back into the company. This way, the company can grow, and produce more profits for the stockholders. The company†s value is represented by the stock price on the stock exchange (Brian 2). Over time, a method of judging a stock†s performance, called the â€Å"profit to earning ratio† was created. P/E is shorthand for the ratio of a company's share price to its per-share earnings. For example, a P/E ratio of 10 means that the company has $1 of annual, per-share earnings for every $10 in share price (Green 1). † This ratio basically represents how much money the investor is putting in per dollar earned. This was generally a good thing to look at when choosing a stock to invest in, but the P/E ratio can be misleading, especially in the few tech stocks that have tremendous stock prices, yet have little net profit. No one knows exactly when the tech stock came about, but it seems like it came all at once. The phrase â€Å"tech stock† simply refers to all stocks that deal with any form of technology related, directly or indirectly, to the computer or computer chips. A good portion of the popular tech stocks today deal with the Internet (Brian 4). One reason for this is the easy access by millions of people worldwide. Small companies are able to reach out to the whole globe with just a few bucks, and thus become prosperous over a short amount of time. Just a few of the most popular tech stock corporations include: Microsoft, Apple, TI, Amazon, Yahoo, and Dell. Companies such as Microsoft, Apple and Dell are companies that handle computers directly, and have been around for a long time (NASDAQ 5) TI creates many semiconductors that are found in most all products that have computer chips in them. Amazon and Yahoo are both directly related to the Internet. These companies are popular due to their originality and business management. However, popularity hardly gains profit, so why is it that Yahoo can make so much money on the stock market? Surprisingly and ironically enough, it is precisely popularity that causes its gains. Because of the popularity, people continue to purchase Yahoo†s stock. Although the company isn†t making direct profit, it certainly makes a lot of money from the stock purchases, so the company actually makes the money off of the stock market (Brian 5). Rare, indeed, to see this at such an extreme. With all of this success must come organization, and thus is the role of the NASDAQ Composite. Although NASDAQ came about long before the rise of tech stocks, it now represents the growth that they portray. This is mostly due to the large volume of blue chip Internet stocks that have joined the Composite, as well as the small technical companies that are looking for a big break. Duarte summarizes the whole NASDAQ universe in once sentence; â€Å"The NASDAQ is fueled by blue chip stocks and small caps which explode into high-earnings (Technology 1). † And explode it did. In just over one year, â€Å"The Index gained 1876. 62 points and 85. 59 percent for the year. The NASDAQ Composite Index also eclipsed the 3000 and 4000 point milestones during the last quarter of 1999† (Nasdaq 1). This far surpasses the Dow Jones Industrial, which only gained 25. 22% over the 1999-2000 year. â€Å"The market†s best index performers were the computer, telecommunications, and biotechnology up 105. 03 percent, 102. 71 percent and 101. 64 percent respectively† (Nasdaq 2). This obviously displays a growing interest in the tech stock, which has caused this major uprising to occur. One may wonder how the Dow Jones Industrial got off so bad, because, after all, it represents our nations largest companies. For a long time, the Dow Jones Industrial has represented the stock market as a whole, but times change. One cause of this change is the high interest rates that affect the corporate stocks such as Wal-Mart and ExxonMobil. These stocks reduce in price as a result of this, and therefore, the Dow average reflects the decrease. The Dow Jones blue chips remain stable, but haven†t increased dramatically, and this isn†t sufficient to make up for the losses of the stocks that tanked, such as banking stocks, financial stocks, and oil marketing stocks (Duarte, Technology 1). One thing that everyone wonders is â€Å"Is the gold rush over? † The answer is no, not as of 3-2-00, anyway. However, all good things must come to an end; the question is when. Milton Friedman and Alan Greenspan are both major authorities in Wall Street, and when they speak, the world of investors listens. The one bad thing is this, they usually never agree. In late 1999, Friedman â€Å"suggested the current market looks similar to the pre-crash markets in the U. S. in 1929 and the pre-crash market in Japan in 1989. † Soon after, â€Å"Greenspan made equally scary remarks about the stock market and the wealth effect† (Duarte, Greenspan 1). These are remarkable authorities in the world of investing, but these notes don†t specifically talk about the tech stock falling. Some people believe that the so-called â€Å"crash† that they spoke of has already happened at the turn of the millennium, when both the Dow Jones and the Nasdaq fell at record-breaking volumes. This proved that the NASDAQ wasn†t invincible with its precious tech stocks, but it also started an ugly observation that whatever the Dow does, the NASDAQ does at a more flamboyant rate (Jennings 1). This simply means that if the Dow goes up a little, the NASDAQ goes up a lot. When the Dow drops a little, the NASDAQ drops a lot (Fool 9). However, there†s no concrete evidence to prove this theory that they are connected somehow. January 4th, 2000; a sigh of relief sweeps the world as nothing too terribly devastating happens on the turn of the millennium. However, this sigh turns quickly into a gasp; at least for those watching the stock market. The Dow Jones plummets nearly 360 points, and NASDAQ plummets nearly 230 points in just one trading day. The next two days, NASDAQ continues to fall another 200 points, resulting in nearly a 8% drop in just three days. It recovers from this drop in only about two days, only to drop back into a lower pit in three more days. Those who held onto their pocketbooks for this roller coaster ride found a light at the end of the tunnel, and by the end of February, the Composite had climbed to the 4600 mark, 600 points higher than at the beginning of the year (Fool 1). Many other times in the first quarter of 2000 NASDAQ took a hefty fall, but it always regrouped and rallied to surpass it is original price. Another thing to remember is that NASDAQ isn†t made entirely of tech stock blue chips such as Dell and Amazon (Nasdaq 1). It is also made up of small caps that fail, large caps that fail, and those penny stocks that people get so worked up about†¦ that also fail; so it is hard to judge how well tech stocks are actually doing by looking directly at the NASDAQ Composite or P/E ratios. Tech stocks are still a relatively new thing for the market, and investors haven†t yet predicted their fate. However, they are still intensely popular, and as long as they are popular, people will keep buying; and, of course, if people buy them, they will raise in value. Technology is not going away any time soon, there†s no doubt about that; the future is now. Computers rule our lifestyle, making everything faster, easier, cheaper, more efficient; and these tech stocks represent our new economy based on this new efficient system. Even though they may not present themselves as strongly as they once did, tech stocks are definitely here to stay.

Religion in Russia

Religion in Russia Russia has experienced a revival of religion since the start of the new millennium. Over 70% of Russians consider themselves to be Orthodox Christians, and the number is growing. There are also 25 million Muslims, around 1.5 million Buddhists, and over 179,000 Jewish people. The Russian Orthodox Church has been particularly active in attracting new followers due to its image as the true Russian religion. But Christianity wasnt the first religion that Russians followed. Here are some main historical periods in the evolution of religion in Russia. Key Takeaways: Religion in Russia Over 70% of Russians consider themselves to be Russian Orthodox Christians.Russia was pagan until the tenth century, when it adopted Christianity as a way to have a united religion.Pagan beliefs have survived alongside Christianity.In Soviet Russia, all religion was banned.Since the 1990s, many Russians have rediscovered religion, including Orthodox Christianity, Islam, Judaism, Buddhism, and Slavic Paganism.The 1997 law on religion has made it more difficult for less established religious groups in Russia to register, worship, or exercise the freedom of religious belief.The Russian Orthodox Church has a privileged position and gets to decide which other religions can be officially registered. Early Paganism Early Slavs were pagans and had a multitude of deities. Most of the information about the Slavic religion comes from the records made by Christians who brought Christianity to Russia, as well as from Russian folklore, but there is still a lot that we dont know about the early Slav paganism. Slavic gods often had several heads or faces. Perun was the most important deity and represented thunder, while Mother Earth was revered as the mother of all things. Veles, or Volos, was the god of abundance, since he was responsible for the cattle. Mokosh was a female deity and was associated with weaving. Early Slavs performed their rituals in the open nature, worshiping trees, rivers, stones, and everything around them. They saw the forest as a border between this world and the Underworld, which is reflected in many folktales where the hero has to cross the forest in order to achieve their goal. Establishment of the Russian Orthodox Church In the tenth century, Prince Vladimir The Great, the ruler of Kievan Rus, decided to unite his people and create an image of Kievan Rus as a strong, civilized country. Vladimir himself was an ardent pagan who erected wooden statues of deities, had five wives and around 800 concubines, and had a reputation of a bloodthirsty warrior. He also disliked Christianity because of his rival brother Yaropolk. However, Vladimir could see that uniting the country with one clear religion would be beneficial. The choice was between Islam, Judaism, and Christianity, and within it, Catholicism or Eastern Orthodox Church. Vladimir rejected Islam as he thought that it would pose too many restrictions on the freedom-loving Russian soul. Judaism was rejected because he believed that he could not adopt a religion that had not helped the Jewish people hold on to their own land. Catholicism was deemed too stern, and so Vladimir settled on Eastern Orthodox Christianity. In 988, during a military campaign in Byzantine, Vladimir demanded to marry Anna, sister of Byzantine emperors. They agreed, providing that he is baptized beforehand, which he agreed to. Anna and Vladimir married in a Christian ceremony, and upon his return to Kiev, Vladimir ordered the demolition of any pagan deity statues and a country-wide baptism of his citizens. The statues were chopped and burned or thrown into the river. With the advent of Christianity, paganism became an underground religion. There were several pagan uprisings, all violently squashed. The North-Eastern parts of the country, centered around Rostov, were particularly hostile to the new religion. The dislike of the clergy among the peasants can be seen in Russian folktales and mythology (byliny). Ultimately, most of the country continued with dual allegiance to both Christianity and, in everyday life, to paganism. This is reflected even now in the highly superstitious, ritual-loving Russian character. Religion in Communist Russia As soon as the Communist era began in 1917, the Soviet government made it its job to eradicate religion in the Soviet Union. Churches were demolished or turned into social clubs, the clergy was shot or sent to camps, and it became forbidden to teach religion to ones own children. The main target of the anti-religion campaign was the Russian Orthodox Church, as it had the most followers. During WWII, the Church experienced a short revival as Stalin looked for ways to increase the patriotic mood, but that quickly ended after the war. Russian Christmas, celebrated on the night of January 6, was no longer a public holiday, and many of its rituals and traditions moved to the New Years Eve, which even now remains the most loved and celebrated Russian holiday. While most main religions were not outlawed in the Soviet Union, the state promoted its policy of state atheism, which was taught at school and encouraged in academic writing. Islam was at first treated slightly better than Christianity, due to Bolsheviks view of it as a center of the reaction. However, that ended around 1929, and Islam experienced similar treatment as other religions, with mosques shut down or turned into warehouses. Judaism had a similar fate as Christianity in the Soviet Union, with the added persecution and discrimination, especially during Stalin. Hebrew was only taught in schools for diplomats, and most synagogues were closed under Stalin and then Khrushchev. Thousands of Buddhist monks were killed during the Soviet Union, too. In the late 1980s and in the 1990s, the more open environment of the Perestroika encouraged the opening of many Sunday schools and a general resurgence of interest in Orthodox Christianity. Religion in Russia Today The 1990s marked the beginning of a revival in religion in Russia. Christian cartoons were being shown on main TV channels, and new churches were built or old ones restored. However, it is on the cusp of the millennium that many Russians began associating the Russian Orthodox Church with the true Russian spirit. Paganism has also become popular again, after centuries of repression. Russians see in it an opportunity to connect with their Slavic roots and rebuild an identity different from the West. In 1997, a new law On Freedom of Conscience and Religious Associations was passed, which acknowledged Christianity, Islam, Buddhism, and Judaism as traditional religions in Russia. The Russian Orthodox Church, which nowadays acts as a privileged religion of Russia, has the power to decide which other religions can be registered as official religions. This has meant that some religions, for example, Jehovahs Witnesses, are banned in Russia, while others, such as some Protestant churches or the Catholic Church, have considerable problems with registration, or limitations on their rights within the country. There have also been more restrictive laws adopted in some Russian regions, which means that the situation with the freedom of religious expression varies across Russia. Overall, any religions or religious organizations that are considered non-traditional according to the federal law, have experienced issues such as being unable to build or own places of worship, harassment from the authorities, violence, and denial of access to media time. Ultimately, the number of Russians who consider themselves to be Orthodox Christians is currently at over 70% of the population. At the same time, over a third of Orthodox Christian Russians do not believe in the existence of God. Only around 5% actually attend church regularly and follow the church calendar. Religion is a matter of national identity rather than faith for the majority of contemporary Russians.

Human Resource Management Essays

Human Resource Management Essays Human Resource Management Essay Human Resource Management Essay Knowledge and skills development is vital to the health of organisations. We live in an information age today, and organisations are routinely valued not just on their physical but on their intellectual capital. Training is one of the chief methods of maintaining and improving intellectual capital, so the quality of an organisation’s training affects its value. Untrained or poorly trained employees cost significantly more to support than well-trained employees do. Training affects employee retention and is a valuable commodity that, if viewed as an investment rather than as an expense, can produce high returns.Training is organisational effort aimed at helping employees to acquire the basic skills required for the efficient execution of the functions for which they are hired. Development, on the other hand, deals with activities undertaken to expose employees to perform additional duties and assume positions of importance in the organisational hierarchy . The benefits of training and development to employees and organisations alike are numerous and include (but are not limited to) the following: 1. Workers are helped to focus, and priority is placed on empowering employees. 2.Productivity is increased, positively affecting the bottom line. 3. Employee confidence is built, keeping and developing key performers, enabling team development and contributing to better team/organisation morale. 4. Employees are kept current on new job-related information, thereby contributing significantly to better customer service. 5. Employees are updated on new and enhanced skills, with a view to aligning them to business goals and objectives. 6. After a downsizing, remaining workers are given the technical and management skills to handle increased workloads. . Companies with business problems are given a fresh or unbiased professional opinion or exploration, evaluation, or critique. 8. Job satisfaction, employee motivation and morale are increased, r educing employee turnover. * Processes increase in efficiency, resulting in financial gain. New skills and knowledge can be acquired. * Existing skills and knowledge can be enhanced or updated, enabling people to further improve proven strengths. * Weaknesses can be addressed or mechanisms put in place to compensate. * Improvements in confidence, capability and competence. Employees feel supported and enabled in their work. * Learning is progressed to practice in the workplace. * Learning is used to improve performance at work. * Learning is shared, enhancing team performance. * Wider impact in the organisation through performance improvements and the dissemination of information, ideas and networking. Innovation is increased, bringing new strength to strategies, products and the company’s capacity to adopt new technologies and methods. There are various methods organisations adopt in the training and development of their employees, depending on their needs.They include role playing, job rotation, on-the-job training, vestibule training (where employees are trained off their regular work areas but in an environment closely resembling their work place), public classroom training, onsite training, conferences which allow employees to quickly develop skills on a number of topics, technical seminars which provide employees benefits similar to conferences but with less flexibility because of focused contents, instructor-led online training, mentoring where the skills gap to be bridged is substantial, e-learning modules which allow for employee independent learning and exercises are repeatedly done to reinforce or refresh understanding of content, and embedded learning which helps employees learn through modules built into products or equipment – embedded learning solutions are often customized to fit an organisation’s requirement.We also have reference cards which provide instant access to essential learning, such as Frequently Asked Questions, paper reference cards, web-based cards, etc. ( legalsecretaryjournal. com/? q=employee_training_and_development) A LITERATURE REVIEW ON TRAINING amp; DEVELOPMENT AND QUALITY OF WORK LIFE Ms. Pallavi P. Kulkarni, Assistant Professor, M. E. S. Night College, Aabasaheb Garware Campus, Affiliated to University of Pune, Pune, India ABSTRACT In this competitive world, training plays an important role in the competent and challenging format of business. Training is the nerve that suffices the need of fluent and smooth functioning of work which helps in enhancing the quality of work life of employees and organizational development too.Development is a process that leads to qualitative as well as quantitative advancements in the organization, especially at the managerial level, it is less considered with physical skills and is more concerned with knowledge, values, attitudes and behaviour in addition to specific skills. Hence, development can be said as a continuous process whereas training has specific areas and objectives. So, every organization needs to study the role, importance and advantages of training and its positive impact on development for the growth of the organization. Quality of work life is a process in which the organization recognizes their responsibility for excellence of organizational performance as well as employee skills.Training implies constructive development in such organizational motives for optimum enhancement of quality of work life of the employees. These types of training and development programs help in improving the employee behaviour and attitude towards the job and also uplift their morale. Thus, employee training and development programs are important aspects which are needed to be studied and focused on. This paper focuses and analyses the literature findings on importance of training and development and its relation with the employees’ quality of work life. Keywords: Human Resource Management, Training, Development and Qua lity of work life. researchersworld. com/vol4/issue2/Paper_20. pdf Human Resource Management Essays Human Resource Management Essay Human Resource Management Essay Businesses are more concerned about securing important investment from shareholders and maximize profits. Few considerations are given to employees as analyzed in this paper. Maybe this is a two way traffic. One cannot only blame top management, but each and every stakeholder has their role to play. This research was done solely to analyze to what extent the functions of Human Resource Management can pair up with ethical practices for better stakeholders management, especially employees. Information from various philosophers were gathered and give a dark, not really positive relationship between the Human Resource functions and the ethical practices of businesses and organizations. Taking along the difference between ethical practices and Human Resource functions would have definitely given another type of findings which could have been more positive. The ultimate goal is to make the Human Resource Functions an important process for the achievement of organizational goals but this paper demonstrate that we are far from realizing this management dream because the anomie concept by Disastrous 2006 and the Stakeholder Theory By Edward Freeman 1984 both put accent on individualism. This cannot be seen directly from literally understanding these concepts But the ultimate idea behind these concepts is what is shown to us when we go through them. Introduction Human Resource Management is considered as the lifeblood of organizations. Rapid economic growth has resulted to companies trying fiercely to differentiate its products and services from competitors in order to increase market share (Lecture 5 2006, Samson Daft 2005, p. 441) . In order to be distinctive, human resource management plays an important role as it deals with the workforce (Anthony et al. 2002, p. 749, What Intel is and What it isn’t 2001). This is because, the quality of the workforce would have a huge impact on the quality and the distinction of services or products sold (Samson Daft 2005; Anthony et al. 2001, p. 749, What Intel is and What it isn’t 2001). A good example for this would be Toyota, a renowned car manufacturing giant, famous for its extensive employees benefits, whilst making tremendously high profit each year (The Economist January 29th, 2005). According to an article published in the magazine The Economist, The Car Company in Front (January 29th, 2005) under its human resource management, Toyota allows flexible positive working condition and gives its workers a certain degree of power to attain access to business information, and control the production line to encourage an increase in the production capacity and the company’s performance as a whole. This shows how an effective human resource management robustly affects a company’s performance. Looking more specifically, employee motivation is one area under human resource management. In Harvard Business Review (Kotter 2001) it was clearly stated that ongoing and effective motivation is imperative as it would result to an organization’s ability to overcome hurdles and achieve its missions and visions. This could be explained by looking at the positive effects motivation has on people (Kotter 2001). When a person is hardly motivated, there is little that he or she can do because motivations as well as inspiration energize people (Kotter 2001, Marsh 1998, p. 10-44). Consequently, employee’s skills are underutilized resulting to the underperformance of a company (Kotter 2001, Conlon 2003). In other words, a company could not perform to its greatest potential due to inefficient employees who lacks motivation and support. Another way of explaining the importance of employee motivation is to look at what motivation itself means (Samson Daft 2005, p. 73). According to Samson and Daft (2005) motivation refers to internal as well as external sources that stimulate interest and perseverance to pursue an act. Motivation to employees therefore directly affects productivity (Samson Daft 2005, p. 573). This is why performance management consulting firms like the Guild Associates has reformed their training workshops to focus more on motivating employees as it is believed to match th e new business requirements to increase productivity (McKanic 2005). Now that we have identified the importance of human resource management in general, and employee motivation in particular, it is imperative to understand the challenges faced in these areas before implementing strategies. Human resource management deals with people, and employee motivation is one of them (Lecture 5 2006). Diversification is a huge word in dealing with people as people are diversified and they vary from one person to another (Katz 2003; Gray Roberts 2003). This sets hurdles in implementing motivational strategies that fix the differences to achieve common organizational goals (Lusthaus et al. 999, Samson Daft 2005, Katz 2003). Another problem regarding motivation is that it is subject to changes. People are motivated by different reasons at different times and under different circumstances (Gray Roberts, 2005). An employee may be highly motivated by money this year and start craving for power and recognition the following year. According to Marsh (1999) such extrin sic rewards however, could indirectly kill intrinsic desires people are naturally born with as they tend to become materialistic or get depressed over stiff competition. This sets another hurdle for managers in choosing the right motivational strategy. Since human resource management and employee motivation are critical but challenging, how to build a motivated workforce becomes an interesting question for managers. Human resource management plays a role in creating a motivated workforce. Training to improve performance and performance appraisals to keep track of employees’ performances are two important elements in human resource management to create a motivated workforce (Samson Daft 2005, Lecture 6, 2006). But more importantly is employee’s motivation to ensure an effective and motivated workforce. Motivating strategies depend heavily upon a manager’s personal foundation of what constitutes motivation (Samson Daft 2005, Kotter 2001). The most recent theories however is contemporary approach which outlines three common theories used in deciding approaches to motivate employees. These are content theories, process theories and reinforcement theories (Samson Daft 2005, McCuddy 2005). Content theories highlight the needs that motivate people, while process theories explain how workers choose behaviors to get what they need, and how they determine such choices are successful (Ferguson 2000, Motivation n. d. , Samson Daft 2005). Reinforcement approach simply shows the link between behavior and its consequences( Samson Daft 2005). Under process theories are equity theory and expectancy theory (Ferguson 2000, Samson Daft 2005, Motivation n. d. ). Equity theory is simply the theory which believes that a motivated workforce could be formed if the working environment shows parity and fairness (Ferguson n. d. ). Equality in this case is measured through the inputs-to-outcomes ratio (Samson Daft 2005). For example, if the amount of efforts put to a project leads to an equal pay rise to everyone involved, the workforce as a whole would be motivated to perform better. On the other hand, if the job pay is selective and is not equal, despite equal efforts poured by everyone, the workforce would be dispirited by the inequality and would not perform to their greatest potential. The issue on equality has become even more prominent with the realization of globalization taking place in the economy ( James 1998). According to James (1998), the emergence of multinational companies with turnovers bigger than GNPs in most countries has resulted to ‘geographically spread and racially diverse foreign workforces’. Hence, it is imperative for these companies to practice equity as any inequity may results to chaos which would badly affect the company’s performance (Anthony et al. 2002). An example of a company trying to practice equity in its business is the world’s biggest food chain retailer, McDonald. McDonald continues to ensure equal participation by all members of society in its organization and allow them equal chances to participate in its intensive and recognized training programs. Not only has McDonald been listed as the top companies for minorities to work, it has also received awards for â€Å"fostering leadership development among women† (Anthony et al. 2002, Garnegger Shemmer, 1998). The Equality approach practiced by McDonald motivates employees to perform to their greatest potential regardless of their condition of being a minority, or not. The other contemporary approach in building a motivated workforce is based on the reinforcement theory. Reinforcement theory uses the consequences of an action to instill motivational values in an organization (McCuddy 2005). Under reinforcement theory, there exist four reinforcement tools to achieve desired values among workforce which are positive reinforcement, avoidance learning, punishment as well as extinction (Motivation n. d. ; Ferguson 2000; Samson Daft 2005). Positive reinforcement and avoidance learning are pleasing results and the elimination of unlikable consequences following the employees fine performance or actions (McCuddy 2005). Positive reinforcement includes impromptu praises to punctual workersand pay rise while one scenario of avoidance learning includes when a supervisor stops complaining when an employee’s work tend to consistently improve. Extinction and punishment are the act of withholding positive rewards and the imposition of undesired actions taken on employees following their unfavorable behaviors (Samson Daft 2005, Ferguson 2000). Among the examples of extinction and punishment include withholding raises as well as warning an employee. To create a motivated set of workers, the managers must always recognize their good work, and take rightful actions when employees’ performances deteriorate. A good example of a company which practices the expectancy theory is Intel, a leading technology company whose reward and recognition program is directly based performance and results (Anthony et al. 2002). An article on Intel (2002) revealed that the total compensation is made up of base pay, benefits, and results driven bonuses. An 8-week sabbatical with pay is also rewarded to loyal employees who served the company for more than 7 years (What Intel is and what it isn’t n. d. . In February, Intel would rank and rate each or its employees according to their individual performance. Although this may motivate those who have performed well, critics believe that this could set depression and stress among workers, hence hindering better performance in the future (Marsh 1998). Conclusively, this essay has outlined the i mportance of human resource management and motivating employees especially in improving company’s performance and overcoming obstacles as an organization. The challenges faced in dealing with these two aspects were also highlighted to show hurdles faced by managers to get a motivated workforce. However, effective strategies have been discussed to overcome the challenges and help managers build a dynamic workforce, motivated to achieving their greatest performance. All in all, human resource management, in general, and motivating employees in particular are two important keys towards a holistically better organization. (1788 words) Reference: 1. Samson, Danny Draft, Richard L. (2005) Second Pacific Rim Edition : Management, Thomson, Melbourne 2. 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